Wilderness First Aid
The purpose of Wilderness First Aid training is to enable care of an injured person for what could be many hours or even days to get help during a back country adventure. Scouting America recommends that "troops or Venturing crews participating in any other high adventures (other than at high-adventure bases operated by Scouting America) . . . receive this training". As of December 28, 2025, it does not appear that a specific number of leaders on a back country trek is required to have the training. Training meeting Scouting America requirements takes 16 hours, ususally delivered in-person over two consecutive days. This certification needs to be repeated every two years.
Videos
The following videos are useful for reviewing elements of these courses between the courses and also to add some additional details and skills.
Assessment and Basics
Bleeding
CPR/AED and Heart Attacks
Shock, Stroke and Seizure
Musculoskeletal
Other Conditions
- Wilderness Medicine: Hypothermia (MedWild - Wilderness Medicine, Survival, Rescue)
- Backcountry Trauma and Improvisation (University of California Television) - over one hour, covers several conditions
- Eye Injuries (ProCPR)
- Snake Bite First Aid (PrepMedic)
- Snake Bites (ProCPR)
- Cold-related Emergencies (ProCPR) - hypothermia, frostbite
- Poison Control (ProCPR) 800-222-1222
- Pool Safety - How to safely help drowning victims (ProCPR)
- Heat Related Emergencies (ProCPR) - Dehydration, Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke
- TACO Method Provides Rapid Cooling (Christopher Sampson, MD) (MU Health) - Tarp Assisted Cooling with Oscillation is a treatment for heat stroke
- Thermal, Chemical and Electrical Burns (ProCPR)
- How to use an EPI PEN for an allergic reaction. (Teach Me Doc)
- Scout Smarts Episode 2 - Basic First Aid (Troop 19, Bloomington/Normal Illinois) - first aid kit, cuts, scrapes, blisters, minor burns, bug bites, nose bleed, sun burn
Training Providers
Refer to the Wilderness First Aid page on the main Scouting America site for training requirements. The following are some of the organizations that deliver Wilderness First Aid training and state they are approved by Scouting America:
- ARC - American Red Cross
- ECSI - Emergency Care & Safety Institute
- NOLS - National Outdoor Leadership School
- SOLO - Stonehearth Open Learning Opportunities
Some or most Scouting America councils arrange these classes, so your local council's event calendar is probably the best place to look for available training.
Abbreviations
- ABC - Airway, Breathing, Circulation
- AED - Automated External Defibrillator
- ABCDE - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Environment and Expose (per Red Cross and NOLS)
- ABCDE - Approach, Assess, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Deformity, Environment (per SOLO)
- AMPLE (per SOLO)
- Allergies
- Medications
- Previous injury or illness
- Last input and output
- Events leading up to the crisis
- AMS - Acute Mountain Sickness
- AVPU - Scale for assessing LOC
- Alert + Oriented (1-4) - Who, Where, When, What
- Responsive to Verbal
- Responsive to Pain (e.g., using sternum rub)
- Unresponsive
- BEAM - Body Elevation and Movement, a technique to move a person with a possible spinal injury
- BP - Blood pressure
- BSI - Body Substance Isolation precautions
- CMS - Circulation, Motion, Sensation. In Wilderness First Aid, it is more common to use CSM.
- CPR - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- CSM - Circulation, Sensation, Motion
- CTM - Color, Temperature, Moisture (assessment of skin)
- DOTS - Deformity, Open injuries, Tenderness, Swelling
- FAST - Face, Arm, Speech, Time - How to check a patient for stroke
- FOAM - Free Of Any Movement - Securing a person with a possible spinal injury on a litter
- HACE - High Altitude Cerebral Edema
- HAINES - High Arm IN Endangered Spine - Modification of the standard recovery position for an unconscious person
- HAPE - High Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- HR - Heart Rate
- LOC - Level Of Consciousness (used by Red Cross and SOLO)
- LOR - Level of Responsiveness (equivalent to LOC, used by NOLS)
- MOI - Mechanism Of Injury
- PAS - Patient Assessment System
- PCC - Pale, Cool, Clammy - skin color, temperature and moisture associated with shock
- RICE - Rest, Immobilize, Cold pack, Elevate - treatment for strains, sprains, fractures and dislocations (per Red Cross)
- RICE - Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation - treatment for strains, sprains, fractures and dislocations (per SOLO, NOLS and Cleveland Clinic)
- RR - Respiration Rate
- SAMPLE (per Red Cross)
- Signs and symptoms
- Allergies
- Medications
- Pertinent past medical history
- Last intake and output
- Events leading up to the injury or illness
- SAMPLE (per NOLS)
- Symptoms
- Allergies
- Medications
- Pertinent medical history
- Last intake/output
- Events leading up to incident
- SCTM - Skin Color, Temperature, Moisture
- SOAP (as in SOAP note)
- Subjective
- Objective
- Assessment
- Plan
- TACO - Tarp Assisted Cooling with Oscillation, a method for treating heat stroke
- TBSA - Total Body Surface Area, a percent of this is used to quantitate burn area
- Three C's (American Red Cross)
- Check the scene and the person for safety and responsiveness
- Call 911 (or have someone call)
- Care for the person until professional help arrives by providing first aid or CPR as trained
- TIA - Transient Ischemic Attack - has the same symptoms as a stroke but resolves quickly
Method Summaries
Check Call Care for Wilderness (ARC)
Based on Wilderness and Remote First Aid Emergency Reference Guide, American Red Cross (2014):
- Check the Scene
- Scene safety
- BSI
- Obtain consent
- Check for clues as to MOI
- Move the person, if needed for safety
- Check the Resources
- Check the Person
- Primary (Initial) Assessment
- ABCDE
- Airway
- Breathing
- Circulation - also check whole body for major bleeding
- Disability
- Environment and Expose
- Secondary (Focused) Assessment
- Hands-on Physical Exam: Look for DOTS, assess CSM and SCTM
- Assess LOC using AVPU
- Vital Signs
- SAMPLE History
- Call for Help - Stay or Go, Fast or Slow
- Care for conditions, prioritizing by severity
Patient Assessment System (SOLO)
Based on SOLO's Field Guide to Wilderness First Aid (5th edition, 2020):
- Scene Survey - MOI, your safety, patient safety, everyone's safety, general impression of situation's seriousness
- Primary Survey - ABCDE
- Approach, Assess (LOC), Airway
- Breathing
- Circulation
- Deformity
- Environment
- Secondary Survey
- History of the present illness
- Vital Signs - RR, HR, LOC
- SCTM
- Patient Exam - Inspection, Comparison, Palpation, CSM
- AMPLE History
- SOAP Note
- Rescue Survey
- What is your plan to get help?
- Who is being sent for help?
- Protect the patient while waiting for help
- Protect yourselves while waiting for help
- Scene safety
- Re-SOAP every 15 minutes
Forms
A couple of the many patient record forms available on the web:
Page updated 3/15/26
J. Froimson |
 |